A smile makeover is a personalized combination of cosmetic dental treatments designed to transform the overall appearance of a patient’s smile. Unlike single procedures that address one specific concern, a smile makeover takes a comprehensive approach—evaluating tooth color, alignment, shape, spacing, and facial proportions to create a cohesive, natural-looking result. According to the American Academy of Cosmetic Dentistry, patient satisfaction rates for comprehensive cosmetic treatments exceed 90% when performed by qualified practitioners using modern techniques.
For residents of Carlsbad and the surrounding North San Diego County communities—including La Costa, Encinitas, and Rancho Santa Fe—smile aesthetics often factor into both professional and social confidence. The coastal lifestyle and active outdoor culture of the region mean that many patients seek treatments that look natural in sunlight and photograph well. Local cosmetic dentists serving these communities typically offer advanced technologies like digital smile design that allow patients to preview and receive results more efficiently than traditional methods.
This guide explains how smile makeovers work, which procedures are commonly combined, candidacy requirements, realistic timelines, cost factors, and how to evaluate results. Whether considering veneers, teeth whitening, Invisalign, or a combination of treatments, Carlsbad-area patients can use this information to make informed decisions about their cosmetic dental care.
Table of Contents
Key Takeaways (TL;DR)
- Personalized treatment plans: A smile makeover combines multiple cosmetic procedures—such as veneers, whitening, and Invisalign—customized to each patient’s facial structure, goals, and oral health status.
- Candidacy requirements: Healthy gums and teeth free of active decay are prerequisites; underlying dental issues must be addressed before cosmetic work begins.
- Digital planning technology: Modern digital smile design allows patients to preview potential outcomes before treatment begins, improving communication and satisfaction rates.
- Variable timelines: Treatment duration ranges from a single appointment for whitening to 12–18 months for cases involving orthodontic alignment, depending on complexity.
- Long-term investment: Porcelain veneers typically last 10–15 years with proper care; professional whitening results can be maintained with periodic touch-ups.
- Local expertise matters: Carlsbad-area patients benefit from selecting a cosmetic dentist with documented experience, before-and-after case galleries, and advanced technology for restorations.
What Is a Smile Makeover?
A smile makeover is a customized treatment plan that combines two or more cosmetic dental procedures to comprehensively improve the appearance of a patient’s smile. Unlike isolated treatments that address a single issue—such as whitening stained teeth or straightening mild crowding—a smile makeover takes a holistic approach, evaluating how multiple aesthetic factors work together to create a balanced, natural-looking result.
According to the American Academy of Cosmetic Dentistry (AACD), demand for cosmetic dental procedures has increased steadily over the past decade, with smile makeovers becoming one of the most requested comprehensive treatment categories. This growth reflects both advances in dental technology—such as digital imaging and stronger, more natural-looking materials—and increased patient awareness of how smile aesthetics can impact professional and social confidence.
Goals Addressed by a Smile Makeover
Cosmetic dentists evaluate several interrelated factors when designing a smile makeover plan. Each patient’s goals are unique, but most treatment plans address some combination of the following aesthetic concerns:
- Tooth color: Addressing staining, discoloration, or uneven shade across teeth through professional whitening or restorations
- Alignment and spacing: Correcting crowding, gaps, or minor bite issues using clear aligners, veneers, or bonding
- Tooth shape and size: Reshaping worn, chipped, or disproportionate teeth to create symmetry and balance
- Gum line aesthetics: Contouring excess gum tissue or addressing recession to frame teeth proportionally
- Facial harmony: Ensuring the smile complements the patient’s lip line, facial structure, and overall proportions
The Role of Digital Smile Design
Modern smile makeovers increasingly incorporate digital smile design technology, which allows dentists and patients to visualize potential outcomes before any treatment begins. Using high-resolution photographs, 3D scans, and specialized software, cosmetic dentists can create digital mock-ups that show how proposed changes will look in the context of the patient’s face. This planning tool improves communication, helps patients set realistic expectations, and allows for adjustments to the treatment plan before committing to irreversible procedures.
For Carlsbad-area patients, practices offering digital smile design can often provide same-day previews during the initial consultation. This technology is particularly valuable for complex cases involving multiple procedures, as it helps ensure that all elements—color, shape, alignment, and proportion—work together cohesively in the final result.
What Procedures Are Commonly Included in a Smile Makeover?
Smile makeovers draw from a range of cosmetic dental procedures, combined strategically based on each patient’s specific concerns and goals. According to the American Dental Association, the most frequently requested cosmetic treatments include teeth whitening, veneers, dental bonding, clear aligners, and gum contouring. A skilled cosmetic dentist will recommend the optimal combination and sequence of procedures to achieve the desired outcome efficiently.
The following overview describes the most common procedures incorporated into smile makeover treatment plans, along with the specific concerns each addresses.
Porcelain Veneers
Porcelain veneers are thin, custom-fabricated shells bonded to the front surfaces of teeth to transform their color, shape, size, and overall appearance. Veneers are particularly effective for patients with intrinsic staining that doesn’t respond to whitening, chips or wear, minor gaps, or teeth that appear undersized or asymmetrical. Modern porcelain materials closely mimic the light-reflecting properties of natural enamel, producing results that blend seamlessly with surrounding teeth. With proper care, porcelain veneers typically last 10–15 years before requiring replacement.
Professional Teeth Whitening
Professional teeth whitening uses concentrated bleaching agents applied under controlled conditions to remove extrinsic staining from coffee, tea, wine, and tobacco. In-office whitening treatments can lighten teeth by several shades in a single appointment, while take-home systems prescribed by dentists offer more gradual results over one to two weeks. Whitening is often performed early in the smile makeover sequence so that any subsequent restorations—such as veneers or bonding—can be shade-matched to the newly brightened teeth.
Clear Aligners (Invisalign)
Clear aligner therapy, commonly known by the brand name Invisalign, straightens teeth using a series of custom-made, removable plastic trays. This orthodontic approach corrects mild to moderate crowding, spacing, and certain bite issues without the visibility of traditional metal braces. For smile makeover patients, clear aligners offer the advantage of repositioning teeth before other cosmetic work begins—ensuring that veneers or bonding are placed on teeth in their optimal positions. Treatment duration typically ranges from 6 to 18 months depending on complexity.
Dental Bonding
Dental bonding applies tooth-colored composite resin directly to teeth to repair chips, close small gaps, reshape irregular edges, or cover localized discoloration. Bonding is less invasive and more affordable than veneers, making it a practical option for patients with minor cosmetic concerns or those seeking conservative treatment. However, composite resin is less durable than porcelain and may require touch-ups or replacement every 5–7 years depending on wear and staining.
Gum Contouring
Gum contouring (also called gingival sculpting or crown lengthening for aesthetic purposes) reshapes the gum line to improve tooth-to-gum proportions. Patients with a “gummy smile”—where excess gum tissue makes teeth appear short—often benefit from this procedure. Using laser or traditional techniques, cosmetic dentists can remove or reposition gum tissue to reveal more tooth structure and create a more balanced frame for the smile. Recovery is typically brief, and results are immediately visible.
Smile Makeover Procedures Comparison
The table below summarizes how each procedure addresses specific aesthetic concerns, typical candidacy criteria, and expected longevity.
What Is the Smile Makeover Process from Consultation to Final Results?
The smile makeover process follows a structured sequence designed to ensure optimal outcomes while minimizing treatment time and patient discomfort. From initial consultation through final placement, each phase builds upon the previous one—allowing the cosmetic dentist to address functional concerns, establish aesthetic goals, and execute procedures in the most efficient order. Understanding this process helps patients prepare for what to expect and participate actively in treatment decisions.
According to industry surveys, practices that use digital planning tools report significantly higher patient satisfaction scores, largely because patients can visualize outcomes before committing to treatment. This collaborative approach has become standard among leading cosmetic dental practices in the Carlsbad and North San Diego County region.
Step-by-Step Smile Makeover Timeline
Comprehensive Consultation & Assessment
The process begins with a thorough evaluation including dental history review, clinical examination, digital X-rays, and photographs. The dentist assesses gum health, tooth structure, bite alignment, and existing restorations. Patients discuss their aesthetic goals, concerns, and any functional issues they want addressed.
Digital Imaging & Smile Design Preview
Using intraoral scanners and specialized software, the dentist creates a digital model of the patient’s teeth and simulates proposed changes. This preview allows patients to see how different treatments—veneer shapes, tooth proportions, shade changes—will look before any work begins. Adjustments can be made until the patient approves the design.
Treatment Plan Development
Based on the assessment and approved design, the dentist creates a detailed treatment plan outlining which procedures will be performed, in what sequence, and over what timeframe. The plan includes cost estimates, financing options if applicable, and scheduling considerations. Patients receive a clear roadmap before committing to treatment.
Preparatory Treatments (If Needed)
Patients requiring periodontal therapy, cavity treatment, or orthodontic alignment complete these procedures first. Clear aligner therapy, if included, typically runs 6–18 months. This phase establishes the healthy, properly positioned foundation needed for cosmetic restorations to succeed long-term.
Cosmetic Procedure Appointments
With the foundation in place, cosmetic treatments proceed according to the plan. Whitening is typically performed first to establish the target shade. Veneers, bonding, crowns, or gum contouring follow. Some procedures require multiple appointments.
Final Evaluation & Maintenance Planning
After all procedures are complete, a final evaluation confirms that aesthetics, function, and bite are optimized. The dentist provides detailed care instructions, discusses maintenance requirements, and schedules follow-up appointments. Patients leaving with their new smile also receive guidance on protecting their investment through proper home care and regular professional visits.
The Role of Technology in Modern Smile Makeovers
Digital smile design represents one of the most significant advances in cosmetic dentistry over the past decade. By combining high-resolution photography, 3D scanning, and specialized design software, cosmetic dentists can create virtual previews that show patients exactly how their smile will look after treatment. This technology improves communication between patient and dentist, reduces the likelihood of unexpected outcomes, and allows for precise planning of veneer shapes, proportions, and positioning.
How Long Does a Smile Makeover Take?
Smile makeover timelines vary significantly depending on the complexity of the case and which procedures are included in the treatment plan. Simple makeovers involving only whitening and minor bonding may be completed in just a few appointments over several weeks. More comprehensive transformations that include orthodontic alignment, multiple veneers, and gum contouring can extend to 12–18 months or longer.
The consultation phase typically provides patients with a realistic timeline estimate based on their specific needs. Understanding the duration of each component helps patients plan accordingly—whether coordinating treatment around work schedules, special events, or other personal considerations.
Typical Treatment Durations by Procedure
The table below outlines average timeframes for common smile makeover procedures. Actual durations may vary based on individual factors and case complexity.
Factors That Affect Treatment Duration
Several variables influence how long a smile makeover takes to complete:
- Number of procedures: Each additional treatment adds to the overall timeline, particularly when procedures must be sequenced rather than performed simultaneously
- Orthodontic needs: Clear aligner therapy is often the longest component, ranging from 6 months for minor adjustments to 18+ months for more significant alignment corrections
- Laboratory work: Traditional veneers and crowns require fabrication time at a dental lab, typically 1–3 weeks between preparation and placement appointments
- Healing periods: Gum contouring and certain other procedures require tissue healing before subsequent treatments can proceed
- Patient compliance: For clear aligners, consistent wear (20–22 hours daily) keeps treatment on schedule; inconsistent use extends duration
- Scheduling availability: Appointment frequency depends on both the practice’s schedule and the patient’s availability
Patients concerned about timeline should discuss their scheduling needs during the initial consultation. Cosmetic dentists can often adjust treatment sequencing or prioritize certain procedures to accommodate important dates, though some biological factors—like orthodontic tooth movement or tissue healing—cannot be accelerated without compromising results.
What Factors Affect Smile Makeover Cost?
Smile makeover costs vary widely based on the specific procedures included, the complexity of each case, materials selected, and geographic factors. Because every treatment plan is customized to the individual patient’s needs and goals, providing a single price estimate is not possible without a comprehensive evaluation. However, understanding the factors that influence cost helps patients prepare financially and ask informed questions during consultations.
According to the American Dental Association’s Health Policy Institute, cosmetic dental procedures represent a significant investment for most patients. National surveys indicate that comprehensive smile makeovers typically range from several thousand dollars for basic combinations to tens of thousands for extensive transformations involving full-arch veneers and orthodontic treatment.
Primary Cost Variables
The following factors have the most significant impact on overall smile makeover pricing:
- 1 Number and type of procedures: A makeover combining whitening with two bonded teeth costs significantly less than one involving 8–10 porcelain veneers plus orthodontic alignment. Each procedure adds to the total investment.
- 2 Material quality: Premium porcelain veneers from master ceramists cost more than standard laboratory work. Similarly, high-translucency ceramic crowns that closely mimic natural enamel command higher fees than basic materials.
- 3 Case complexity: Patients requiring extensive preparatory work—such as periodontal treatment, extractions, or bone grafting—face additional costs before cosmetic procedures can begin.
- 4 Dentist expertise and credentials: Cosmetic dentists with advanced training, AACD accreditation, or specialized certifications may charge higher fees reflecting their expertise and the quality of results they deliver.
- 5 Technology utilized: Practices investing in digital smile design and 3D imaging may incorporate these costs into treatment fees—though these technologies often improve outcomes and reduce overall treatment time.
- 6 Geographic location: Dental fees in coastal Southern California communities like Carlsbad, La Costa, and Encinitas typically reflect the higher cost of living and operating expenses in these areas compared to national averages.
Insurance and Financing Considerations
Most dental insurance plans categorize smile makeover procedures as elective or cosmetic, which means limited or no coverage. However, certain components may qualify for partial benefits if they serve a functional purpose. For example, a crown placed on a structurally compromised tooth may be covered even when chosen for aesthetic reasons, and orthodontic benefits may apply to clear aligner treatment regardless of cosmetic motivation.
Many cosmetic dental practices offer financing options to make treatment more accessible. Third-party healthcare financing programs allow patients to spread costs over monthly payments, often with promotional interest-free periods for qualified applicants. Some practices also offer in-house payment plans or discounts for upfront payment.
Evaluating Value Beyond Price
While cost is an important consideration, the lowest price does not always represent the best value. Factors such as the dentist’s experience with complex cosmetic cases, the quality of materials and laboratory work, the technology available for precise planning and execution, and the practice’s track record of successful outcomes all contribute to the overall value of treatment.
Patients are encouraged to review before-and-after galleries, read patient testimonials, and consider the longevity of proposed restorations when comparing options. A well-executed smile makeover using quality materials can last 10–15 years or longer, making the per-year cost more reasonable when viewed as a long-term investment in appearance and self-confidence.
What Results Can You Realistically Expect from a Smile Makeover?
A well-executed smile makeover produces natural-looking results that enhance facial aesthetics while maintaining—or improving—dental function. Patients can realistically expect significant improvements in tooth color, shape, alignment, and overall smile harmony. However, understanding what constitutes achievable outcomes versus unrealistic expectations helps ensure satisfaction with the final results.
Clinical research published in the Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry indicates that patient satisfaction with cosmetic dental outcomes correlates strongly with pre-treatment communication and realistic goal-setting. Patients who view digital smile previews and discuss specific expectations with their dentist report higher satisfaction rates than those who proceed without this collaborative planning phase.
Achievable Outcomes
Modern cosmetic dentistry techniques and materials make the following improvements reliably achievable:
- Dramatic whitening: Professional treatments can lighten teeth by 6–10 shades, eliminating years of staining from coffee, wine, tea, and aging
- Corrected proportions: Veneers and bonding can reshape teeth that appear too small, too large, or irregularly shaped relative to facial features
- Closed gaps and improved spacing: Diastemas (gaps between teeth) and minor crowding can be addressed through veneers, bonding, or clear aligners
- Repaired damage: Chips, cracks, and wear from grinding can be restored to create smooth, even tooth edges
- Balanced gum-to-tooth ratio: Gum contouring reveals more tooth structure for patients with excessive gingival display
- Harmonious smile line: The curve of the upper teeth can be adjusted to complement the lower lip line and overall facial symmetry
How Long Do Results Last?
The longevity of smile makeover results depends on the specific procedures performed, materials used, and how well patients maintain their oral health. Peer-reviewed studies on restoration survival rates provide the following general expectations:
- Porcelain veneers: 10–15 years with proper care; some patients maintain veneers for 20+ years before replacement is needed
- Dental bonding: 5–7 years on average; may require touch-ups due to staining or minor chipping
- Teeth whitening: Results last 6–24 months depending on diet and habits; touch-up treatments maintain brightness
- Orthodontic results: Permanent with consistent retainer wear; teeth can shift if retainers are not used as directed
- Gum contouring: Permanent in most cases, though gum tissue can regrow slightly over time in some patients
How to Evaluate Before-and-After Galleries
Before-and-after photographs serve as valuable evidence of a cosmetic dentist’s skill and the results patients can expect. When reviewing smile galleries, patients should look for cases similar to their own situation and evaluate several quality indicators:
- Consistent photography: Legitimate galleries use standardized lighting, angles, and backgrounds; dramatic differences in photo quality between “before” and “after” can be misleading
- Natural appearance: Quality cosmetic work produces teeth that look like enhanced versions of natural teeth—not uniform, overly white, or artificial
- Variety of cases: A robust gallery includes patients with different starting points, ages, and treatment goals—not just the most dramatic transformations
- Gum health: After photos should show healthy pink gum tissue, not inflammation or recession around new restorations
- Facial context: Full-face photos demonstrate how the new smile integrates with the patient’s overall appearance, not just isolated tooth shots
How Do You Choose a Cosmetic Dentist for Your Smile Makeover in Carlsbad?
Selecting the right cosmetic dentist is one of the most important decisions in the smile makeover process. The dentist’s training, experience, artistic eye, and technology capabilities all directly impact the quality of results. For Carlsbad and North San Diego County residents, the region offers access to numerous cosmetic dental practices—making careful evaluation essential to finding the best fit for individual needs and goals.
The American Academy of Cosmetic Dentistry (AACD) recommends that patients research credentials, review case galleries, and schedule consultations with multiple providers before committing to treatment. This due diligence helps ensure alignment between patient expectations and the dentist’s capabilities and approach. For a comprehensive overview of what to look for in local dental providers, including technology offerings and service options, patients can review our guide to dentists in Carlsbad, CA.
What to Look for in a Cosmetic Dentist
When evaluating cosmetic dentists for a smile makeover, consider the following qualifications and indicators of quality:
- ✓ Advanced training and credentials: Look for dentists who have completed post-graduate education in cosmetic dentistry, such as programs through the AACD, Kois Center, Spear Education, or similar institutions focused on aesthetic excellence
- ✓ Extensive before-and-after portfolio: A robust gallery of completed cases—particularly those similar to your needs—demonstrates consistent skill and the range of results the dentist achieves
- ✓ Modern technology: Practices equipped with digital smile design software, intraoral scanners and 3D imaging can offer more precise planning and efficient treatment
- ✓ Patient reviews and testimonials: Consistent positive feedback about cosmetic outcomes, communication, and overall experience indicates a practice that prioritizes patient satisfaction
- ✓ Comprehensive consultation process: Quality cosmetic dentists take time to understand goals, perform thorough evaluations, and present detailed treatment plans rather than rushing to begin procedures
- ✓ Professional affiliations: Membership in organizations like the American Dental Association, California Dental Association, and AACD reflects commitment to professional standards and continuing education
Questions to Ask During Your Consultation
The initial consultation provides an opportunity to evaluate the dentist’s approach and determine if the practice is the right fit. Consider asking:
- How many smile makeovers have you completed with cases similar to mine?
- Can I see before-and-after photos of patients with comparable starting points?
- What technology do you use for treatment planning and visualization?
- Which dental laboratory do you work with for veneers and crowns?
- What is your approach if I’m not satisfied with the initial results?
- How do you handle complications or adjustments after treatment?
Serving Carlsbad and Surrounding Communities
Carlsbad’s location in North San Diego County provides residents with access to cosmetic dental practices serving a broad regional population. Patients from La Costa, Aviara, Bressi Ranch, and Carlsbad Village—as well as neighboring communities including Encinitas, San Marcos, Vista, Oceanside, and Rancho Santa Fe—can find experienced cosmetic dentists within a convenient driving radius.
When selecting a provider, proximity matters for convenience during the multiple appointments a smile makeover typically requires. However, expertise and results should take priority over location alone. A slightly longer drive to a highly qualified cosmetic dentist may yield significantly better outcomes than choosing solely based on convenience.
Frequently Asked Questions About Smile Makeovers
The following questions represent common concerns patients have when considering a smile makeover. Understanding these topics helps inform decision-making and prepares patients for productive conversations with their cosmetic dentist.
Taking the Next Step Toward Your Smile Makeover
A smile makeover represents a personalized journey toward enhanced confidence and improved dental aesthetics. By combining procedures like porcelain veneers, professional whitening, clear aligners, and gum contouring into a cohesive treatment plan, patients can address multiple concerns simultaneously and achieve results that look natural and complement their unique facial features.
The process begins with understanding what smile makeovers can realistically achieve, evaluating candidacy requirements, and selecting a qualified cosmetic dentist with the experience and technology to deliver exceptional results. For Carlsbad and North San Diego County residents, access to skilled cosmetic dental providers—combined with advanced planning tools like digital smile design—makes achieving a transformed smile more predictable and efficient than ever before.
Whether addressing long-standing aesthetic concerns or preparing for an important life event, the investment in a professionally planned smile makeover can yield benefits that extend far beyond appearance—impacting social confidence, professional interactions, and overall quality of life.
To explore how a customized smile makeover could address your specific goals, consult with a qualified cosmetic dentist who can evaluate your oral health, discuss treatment options, and create a personalized plan tailored to your needs and timeline.
Meet the Dentists at La Costa Dental Excellence
At La Costa Dental Excellence, patients benefit from the combined expertise of Dr. Piper Dankworth, Dr. Stephen Dankworth, and Dr. Kimberly Corrigan-Dankworth. Together, they provide comprehensive dental care rooted in advanced clinical training, artistic precision, and a genuine commitment to patient comfort.
Every treatment is personalized, every concern is heard, and every smile is approached with thoughtful care.
Dr. Piper Dankworth, DDS
Implant, Invisalign® & All-On-X Provider
Dr. Piper Dankworth delivers advanced, patient-centered dental care with a focus on long-term function, aesthetics, and overall wellness. She earned her Doctor of Dental Surgery degree from the University of Utah School of Dentistry, where she was recognized for excellence in oral surgery, implantology, and comprehensive treatment planning.
Dr. Piper Dankworth is the doctor at La Costa Dental Excellence who places dental implants, provides Invisalign®, and performs All-On-X full-arch restorations. She also offers general dentistry, cosmetic dentistry, and full-mouth rehabilitation, allowing complex cases to be treated seamlessly in one location.
A graduate of the KOIS Center, Dr. Piper is committed to evidence-based dentistry and continual clinical advancement. Known for her clear communication and gentle approach, she helps patients feel informed, comfortable, and confident throughout their care. She also participates in community service locally and abroad, extending her dedication beyond the practice.
Dr. Stephen Dankworth, DDS
Cosmetic & Family Dentist
Dr. Stephen Dankworth has served patients in Carlsbad and San Marcos for more than 20 years, providing trusted cosmetic and family dental care with a calm, empathetic approach. Originally from Reno, Nevada, he earned his DDS degree from the University of the Pacific and has remained committed to lifelong learning in dentistry.
Dr. Dankworth focuses on cosmetic dentistry, restorative care, and long-term smile health, taking the time to understand each patient’s goals and concerns. His relaxed demeanor and personalized treatment philosophy make him especially sought after by patients looking for a gentler dental experience.
He is a KOIS Center graduate and a member of leading professional organizations, including the American Dental Association, California Dental Association, San Diego County Dental Society, Doctors of Conscious Sedation, The Crown Council, and the American Academy of Osseointegration.
Dr. Kimberly Corrigan-Dankworth, DDS
Cosmetic & Sedation Dentistry
Dr. Kimberly Corrigan-Dankworth brings more than 20 years of experience in cosmetic dentistry to La Costa Dental Excellence. She earned her DDS degree from the University of the Pacific and continues to refine her expertise through advanced continuing education.
She is known for helping even the most anxious patients feel at ease, offering cosmetic, restorative, and reconstructive dentistry, including complex cases supported with sedation. Her comprehensive approach recognizes the connection between oral health and overall health, ensuring treatment plans are both effective and patient-focused.
Dr. Corrigan-Dankworth is a member of the American Dental Association, California Dental Association, Doctors of Conscious Sedation, and The Crown Council. She is also deeply involved in the Carlsbad community, volunteering her skills to help individuals regain confidence through improved smiles and supporting charitable initiatives for children and families.
Sources & References
- American Academy of Cosmetic Dentistry (AACD)
- American Dental Association (ADA)
- ADA Health Policy Institute
- Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry
- Journal of Cosmetic Dentistry
Last reviewed: January 2025
